Text Formatting

Working in Foswiki is as easy as typing in text. You don't need to know HTML, though you can use it if you prefer. Links to topics are created automatically when you enter WikiWords. And Foswiki shorthand gives you all the power of HTML with a simple coding system that takes no time to learn. It's all laid out below.

Editing Shorthand

Formatting Command:	You write:	You get:
Paragraphs: Blank lines will create new paragraphs.	1st paragraph 2nd paragraph	1st paragraph 2nd paragraph
Headings: Three or more dashes at the beginning of a line, followed by plus signs and the heading text. One plus creates a top level heading, two pluses a second level heading, etc. The maximum heading depth is 6. You can create a table of contents with the %TOC% macro. If you want to exclude a heading from the TOC, put !! after the ---+. Empty headings are allowed, but won't appear in the table of contents. See the <ho> tag below for how to adjust heading levels dynamically.	---++ Sushi ---+++ Maguro ---+++!! Not in TOC	Sushi Maguro Not in TOC
Bold Text: Words get shown in bold by enclosing them in * asterisks.	*Bold*	Bold
Italic Text: Words get shown in italic by enclosing them in _ underscores.	_Italic_	Italic
Bold Italic: Words get shown in bold italic by enclosing them in __ double-underscores.	__Bold italic__	Bold italic
Fixed Font: Words get shown in fixed font by enclosing them in = equal signs.	=Fixed font=	Fixed font
Bold Fixed Font: Words get shown in bold fixed font by enclosing them in == double equal signs.	==Bold fixed==	Bold fixed
You can follow the closing bold, italic, or other (* _ __ = ==) indicator with normal punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Make sure there is no space between the text and the indicators.	_This works_, _this does not _	This works, _this does not _
Separator (Horizontal Rule): Three or more three dashes at the beginning of a line..	---
Bulleted List: Multiple of three spaces, an asterisk, and another space. For all the list types, you can break a list item over several lines by indenting lines after the first one by at least 3 spaces.	* level 1 * level 2 * back on 1 * A bullet broken over three lines * last bullet	level 1 level 2 back on 1 A bullet broken over three lines last bullet
Numbered List: Multiple of three spaces, a type character, a dot, and another space. Several types are available besides a number: Type Generated Style Sample Sequence 1. Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4... A. Uppercase letters A, B, C, D... a. Lowercase letters a, b, c, d... I. Uppercase Roman Numerals I, II, III, IV... i. Lowercase Roman Numerals i, ii, iii, iv... Note that while type characters A, a, I and i must be entered exactly as specified, numbers can be any single digit 0-9. It is recommended for future compatibility that only the number 1 be used for numbered type lists.	1. Sushi 1. Dim Sum 1. Fondue A. Sushi A. Dim Sum A. Fondue i. Sushi i. Dim Sum i. Fondue	Sushi Dim Sum Fondue Sushi Dim Sum Fondue Sushi Dim Sum Fondue
Definition List: Three spaces, a dollar sign, the term, a colon, a space, followed by the definition.	$ Sushi: Japan $ Dim Sum: S.F.	Sushi Japan Dim Sum S.F.
Definition List: (deprecated) Three spaces, the term (a single word, no spaces), a colon, a space, followed by the definition.	Sushi: Japan Dim-Sum: S.F.	Sushi Japan Dim-Sum S.F.
Indented Text: Three spaces, a colon, a space, followed by the paragraph. Continue a paragraph by indenting the line with 3 spaces. Create deeper levels of indentation by using multiples of 3 spaces.	: Indented line Continued : New paragraph : 2nd level indent	Indented line Continued New paragraph 2nd level indent
Table: Each row of the table is a line containing of one or more cells. Each cell starts and ends with a vertical bar '|'. Any spaces at the beginning of a line are ignored. | *bold* | header cell with text in asterisks |   center-aligned   | cell with at least two, and equal number of spaces on either side |      right-aligned | cell with more spaces on the left | 2 colspan || and multi-span columns with multiple |'s right next to each other |^| cell with caret indicating follow-up row of multi-span rows You can split rows over multiple lines by putting a backslash '\' at the end of each line Contents of table cells wrap automatically as determined by the browser Use %VBAR% or &#124; to add | characters in tables. Use %CARET% or &#94; to add ^ characters in tables. The TablePlugin provides the |^| multiple-span row functionality and additional rendering features	| *L* | *C* | *R* | | A2 | B2 | C2 | | A3 | B3 | C3 | | multi span ||| | A5-7 | 5 | 5 | |^| six | six | |^| seven | seven | | split\ | over\ | 3 lines | | A9 | B9 | C9 | | %CARET% | B10 |%VBAR%| | &#94; | B11 |&#124;|	L C R A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 multi span A5-7 5 5 six six seven seven split over 3 lines A9 B9 C9 ^ B10 | ^ B11 |
WikiWord Links: CapitalizedWordsStuckTogether (or WikiWords) will produce a link automatically if preceded by whitespace or parenthesis. If you want to link to a topic in a different web write Otherweb.TopicName. To link to a topic in a subweb write Otherweb.Subweb.TopicName. The link label excludes the name of the web, e.g. only the topic name is shown. As an exception, the name of the web is shown for the WebHome topic. Dots '.' are used to separate webs and subwebs from topic names and therefore cannot be used in topic names. It's generally a good idea to use the macros %SYSTEMWEB%, %SANDBOXWEB% and %USERSWEB% instead of System, Sandbox and Main. To prevent a word from linking, prefix it with the exclaimation mark (!) or <nop>	%STATISTICSTOPIC% %SANDBOXWEB%.WebNotify %SANDBOXWEB%.%HOMETOPIC% %SANDBOXWEB%.Subweb.TopicName	WebStatistics WebNotify Sandbox TopicName
Acronym Links: Words that are all capitals will produce a link automatically only if the topic already exists!.	ACRONYM %SYSTEMWEB%.ACRONYM	ACRONYM ACRONYM
Anchors: You can define a reference inside a topic (called an anchor name) and link to that. To define an anchor write #AnchorName at the beginning of a line. The anchor name must be a WikiWord of no more than 32 characters. To link to an anchor name use the [[MyTopic#MyAnchor]] syntax. You can omit the topic name if you want to link within the same topic.	[[WikiWord#NotThere]] [[#MyAnchor][Jump]] #MyAnchor To here	WikiWord Jump To here
Forced Links: You can create a forced internal link by enclosing words in double square brackets. Text within the brackets may contain optional spaces; the topic name is formed by capitalizing the initial letter and by removing the spaces; for example, [[wiki word]] links to topic WikiWord. You can also refer to a different web and use anchors. To "escape" double square brackets that would otherwise make a link, prefix the leading left square bracket with an exclamation point.	[[wiki syntax]] [[Main.Wiki groups]] escaped: ![[wiki syntax]]	WikiSyntax WikiGroups escaped: [[wiki syntax]]
Renamed Links: You can create a link where you specify the link text and the URL separately using nested square brackets [[reference][text]]. Internal link references (e.g. WikiWord) and URLs (e.g. https://foswiki.org/) are both supported. The rules described under Forced Links apply for internal link references. Anchor names can be added as well, to create a link to a specific place in a topic.	[[WikiWord][wiki word]] [[http://gnu.org][GNU]]	wiki word GNU
Automatic links: Typed-in URLs are linked automatically. Most standard protocols are supported; if yours is missing, it can be added by the site administrator. URLs for images are automatically inserted inline. Email addresses are also linked automatically, see further details below. automatic linking of URLs and email addresses is not blocked by the noautolink setting.	* file://foswiki.org * ftp://foswiki.org * http://foswiki.org * https://foswiki.org * mailto:example@foswiki.org * news://foswiki.org * nntp://foswiki.org * telnet://foswiki.org * name@foswiki.org * %PUBURL%/%SYSTEMWEB%/ProjectLogos/foswiki-logo-icon.png	file://foswiki.org ftp://foswiki.org http://foswiki.org https://foswiki.org mailto:example@foswiki.org news://foswiki.org nntp://foswiki.org telnet://foswiki.org name@foswiki.org
Prevent an Automatic Link: Prevent a WikiWord, URL, email address or image from being linked by prepending it with an exclamation point (!) or <nop> tag. Note that you can use the <nop> tag, but any leading markup directly adjacent to a wikiword will prevent automatic linking because the word is no longer space delimitied.	!SunOS <nop>SomeWiki <b>SomeWiki</b> =SomeWiki= <b>https://foswiki.org</b> _%PUBURL%/%SYSTEMWEB%/ProjectLogos/foswiki-logo-icon.png_	SunOS SomeWiki SomeWiki SomeWiki https://foswiki.org http://gsics.atmos.umd.edu/bin/../pub/System/ProjectLogos/foswiki-logo-icon.png
Disable Automatic Linking: You can disable automatic linking of WikiWords by surrounding text with <noautolink> and </noautolink> tags. You can also turn off WikiWord auto-linking with the NOAUTOLINK preference setting. The noautolink feature only applies to WikiWords. It does not stop linking of URLs, or email addresses.	<noautolink> RedHat & SuSE </noautolink>	RedHat & SuSE
Mailto Links: E-mail addresses are linked automatically. To create e-mail links that have more descriptive link text, specify subject lines or message bodies, or omit the e-mail address, you can write [[mailto:user@domain][descriptive text]]. automatic linking of email addresses is not blocked by <noautolink>, Escape with a ! to prevent auto linking.	a@b.com [[mailto:a@b.com][Mail]] [[mailto:?subject=Hi][Hi]] !a@b.com	a@b.com Mail Hi a@b.com
Special characters: Some characters are reserved for use by TML Display them in your output by using the HTML entities. Use HTML entities to display characters that are not supported by your site character set (e.g. special mathematical symbols). There's a complete list of named entities in Wikipedia Use numerical entities to display any unicode character (e.g. Chinese script).	&lt; &gt; &amp; &alefsym; &#x4eb9; A <nop>!= B &#33;= C <nop>!here, !here	< > & ℵ 亹 A != B != C !here, here
Escapes Escapes are used to prevent a "default action" from occuring. They are used in many places when composing topics and writing Foswiki macros. ! The exclamation point will block expansion of macros, prevents automatic linking of WikiWords, email addresses, URLs, and [[explicit links]]. To expand a macro, but escape any wikiword it expands into, use the <nop> tag. To prevent Foswiki from treating ! as an escape, escape it with <nop>, or use the &#33; entity \ The backslash is used to prevent normal interpretation of a character, allowing inclusion of quotes inside a quoted string. It can also be used to continue a line (escapes the "newline"). When used as a "continue" it must be the very last character prior to the newline. <nop> The nop (no operation) is used to prevent linking of WikiWords, email addresses, URLs, but not Macros or [[explicit links]]	!WikiWord %BR% &#37;TOPIC% %BR% <nop>%TOPIC% %BR% <nop>%WIKIWEBMASTER% %BR% <nop>!%TOPIC% %BR% !here &#33;here <nop>!here %BR% %TOP\ IC%	WikiWord %TOPIC% EditingShorthand gcisfoswiki@gmail.com !EditingShorthand here !here !here %TOPIC%
Controlling how content is rendered: There are 3 ways to control how your topic content is rendered. This is done with three HTML or pseudo-HTML tags: <literal>, <verbatim> and <pre> They control whether or not: Wiki markup (TML) is rendered Macros (ex: %TOPIC%) are expanded HTML is rendered White space preserved Auto linking of WikiWords and Email addresses occurs These are explained in more details in the next sections, but are summarized to the right:	TML HTML Macros White Space Auto Link WikiWord Auto Link Email <verbatim> <literal> <pre> <noautolink>
Literal content: Foswiki generates HTML code from TML shorthand. Experts surround anything that must be output literally in the HTML code, without the application of shorthand rules, with <literal>..</literal> tags. Any HTML within literal tags must be well formed i.e. all tags must be properly closed before the end of the literal block. Macros are expanded within literal blocks.	<literal> | Not | A | Table | </literal>	| Not | A | Table |
Verbatim (Literal) Text: Surround code excerpts and other formatted text with <verbatim> and </verbatim> tags. verbatim tags disable HTML code. Use <pre> and </pre> tags instead if you want the HTML code within the tags to be interpreted. Preferences settings (* Set NAME = value) are set within verbatim tags.	<verbatim> class CatAnimal { void purr() { <code here> } } </verbatim>	class CatAnimal { void purr() { <code here> } }
Verbatim (Literal) Code Highlighting: Surround code excerpts and other formatted text e.g. with <verbatim class="bash"> and </verbatim> tags. This type of code highlighting is based on Chili - the jQuery code highlighter plugin. Please find supported class attributes in JQueryChili. verbatim tags disable HTML code. Use <pre class="bash"> and </pre> tags instead if you want the HTML code within the tags to be interpreted. Preferences settings (* Set NAME = value) are set within verbatim tags.	<verbatim class="bash"> #!/bin/bash while [ -n "$(ls . ~/ \ ~/pub* /var/www 2>/dev/null \ | fgrep foswiki )" ] ; do clear printf "\nFoswiki rules!\n" sleep 10 clear printf "\nFoswiki still rules!\n" sleep 10 done; exit 0 </verbatim>	#!/bin/bash while [ -n "$(ls . ~/ \ ~/pub* /var/www 2>/dev/null \ | fgrep foswiki )" ] ; do clear printf "\nFoswiki rules!\n" sleep 10 clear printf "\nFoswiki still rules!\n" sleep 10 done; exit 0
Protected content: Experts protect text from mangling by WYSIWYG editors using <sticky>..</sticky> tags. Sticky tags don't have any effect on normal topic display; they are only relevant when content has to be protected from a WYSIWYG editor (usually because it isn't well-formed HTML, or because it is HTML that WYSIWYG would normally filter out or modify). Protected content appears as plain text in the WYSIWYG editor. Any HTML within sticky tags must be well formed i.e. all tags must be properly closed before the end of the sticky block. Macros are expanded within sticky blocks.	<sticky> <div> This div %RED%is%ENDCOLOR% required </div> </sticky>	This div is required
Adjust heading levels: You can adjust heading levels for headings generated using ---+ markup and also HTML <h> tags using the <ho> tag. The %INCLUDE and %SEARCH macros also have a headingoffset parameter to do this for you in included content. Heading levels are limited to the range 1..6 after any offset is applied.	---++ offset is 0 <ho off="1"> ---++ H2 becomes H3 <ho off="-1"> ---++ offset was 1, so offset is now 0	offset is 0 H2 becomes H3 offset was 1, so offset is now 0

Using HTML

You can use most HTML tags in topics without a problem. This is useful where you want to add some content that is formatted in a way that is not supported using WikiSyntax, for example, you can write <strike>deleted text</strike> to get deleted text.

There are a few usability and technical considerations to keep in mind:

• On collaboration pages, it's better not to use HTML, but to use WikiSyntax instead - this keeps the text uncluttered and easy to edit using the plaintext editor.
• If you must use HTML, use XHTML 1.0 Transitional syntax.
• Use <literal>..</literal> tags around blocks of HTML to avoid accidental interpretation of WikiSyntax within the HTML.

Recommendations when pasting HTML from other sources (using the plain-text editor):

• Copy only text between <body> and </body> tags.
• Remove all empty lines. Foswiki inserts <p /> paragraph tags on empty lines, which causes problems if done between HTML tags that do not allow paragraph tags, like for example between table tags.
• Remove leading spaces. Foswiki might interpret some text as lists.
• Do not span a tag over more than one line. Foswiki requires that the opening and closing angle brackets - <...> - of a HTML tag are on the same line, or the tag will be broken.
• In your HTML editing program, save without hard line breaks on text wrap.

When using a WYSIWYG editor, you can just copy-paste directly into the editor, and the content will be converted to WikiSyntax automatically when you save.

Hyperlinks

Being able to create links without any special formatting is a core Foswiki feature, made possible with WikiWords, Acronyms, and inline URLs.

Internal Links

• GoodStyle is a WikiWord that links to the GoodStyle topic located in the current web.

• NotExistingYet is a topic waiting to be written. Create the topic by clicking on the ?. (Try clicking, but then, Cancel - creating the topic would wreck this example!)

• ACRONYM links to a topic name consisting of only upper-case letters. Acronyms are linked only if the target topic actually exists.

External Links

• Protocols matching the configuration parameter LinkProtocolPattern, which by default is set to (file|ftp|gopher|https|http|irc|mailto|news|nntp|telnet), are linked automatically. You might change this setting to add more protocols (such as smb).

  LinkProtocolPattern is an expert setting in the Foswiki configuration and can only be changed by a systems administrator.

  Thus, all lines containing:
  • file://...
  • ftp://...
  • gopher://...
  • https://...
  • http://...
  • irc://...
  • mailto:...@...
  • news://...
  • nntp://...
  • telnet://... are linked automatically.
• E-mail addresses like name@domain.com are linked automatically.
• [[Square bracket rules]] let you easily create non-WikiWord links.
  • You can also write [[http://yahoo.com Yahoo home page]] as an easier way of doing external links with descriptive text for the link, such as http://yahoo.com/ Yahoo home page.

Macros

Macros are names enclosed in percent signs that are that are expanded to some other text when the topic is displayed. For example, %TOPIC% is expanded to TextFormattingRules, the title of this topic.

Some macros can take arguments in curly braces - for example, %INCLUDE{"OtherTopic" ARG="arg"}%.

Many macro definitions are built-in, and others (preference settings) are predefined for your convenience. You can also define your own preference settings at the entire site, individual web, or individual topic level. For more information, see Macros

Macros are fully expanded before any of the text formatting rules are applied.

Plugin Formatting Extensions

Plugins can extend the functionality of Foswiki into many other areas. There are a huge number of plugins available from the foswiki site.

Currently enabled plugins on this installation, as listed by %PLUGINDESCRIPTIONS%:

• SpreadSheetPlugin (19 Jul 2018, 1.24): Add spreadsheet calculations like "$SUM($ABOVE())" to Foswiki tables and other topic text
• SlideShowPlugin (09 Mar 2021, 2.40): Create web based presentations based on topics with headings
• ActionTrackerPlugin (2018-09-05, 2.4.12): Adds support for action tags in topics, and automatic notification of action statuses
• AttachContentPlugin (21 Jan 2024, 2.43): Saves dynamic topic text to an attachment
• AutoViewTemplatePlugin (2016-04-08, 1.24): Automatically sets VIEW_TEMPLATE and EDIT_TEMPLATE
• CommentPlugin (06 Aug 2023, 2.95): Quickly post comments to a page without an edit/save cycle
• CompareRevisionsAddonPlugin (06 Aug 2023, 1.114):
• ConfigurePlugin (06 Aug 2023, 1.12): configure interface using json-rpc
• DBCachePlugin (29 Apr 2024, 16.00): Lightweighted frontend to the DBCacheContrib
• EasyTimelinePlugin (1.4, $Rev: 10249 (2010-12-10) $): Generate graphical timeline diagrams from markup text
• EditRowPlugin (12 Jan 2024, 3.402): Inline edit for tables
• EditTablePlugin (06 Aug 2023, 4.47): Edit tables using edit fields, date pickers and drop down boxes
• HistoryPlugin (16 Nov 2020, 1.20): Shows a complete history of a topic
• InterwikiPlugin (06 Aug 2023, 1.27): Link ExternalSite:Page text to external sites based on aliases defined in a rules topic
• JQueryPlugin (25 Apr 2023, 10.51): jQuery JavaScript library for Foswiki
• MailerContribPlugin (06 Aug 2023, 2.84): Supports e-mail notification of changes
• NatEditPlugin (11 Jul 2023, 9.63): A Wikiwyg Editor
• PreferencesPlugin (1.16, 1.16): Allows editing of preferences using fields predefined in a form
• RedirectPlugin (1.12, 1.12): Create a redirect to another topic or website.
• RenderListPlugin (06 Aug 2023, 2.29): Render bullet lists in a variety of formats
• SendEmailPlugin (20 May 2022, 2.00): Send e-mails through an e-mail form
• SmiliesPlugin (17 Sep 2015, 2.03): Render smilies like as icons
• SubscribePlugin (06 Aug 2023, 3.7): This is a companion plugin to the MailerContrib. It allows you to trivially add a "Subscribe me" link to topics to get subscribed to changes.
• TablePlugin (22 Jan 2018, 1.160): Control attributes of tables and sorting of table columns
• TagMePlugin (10 Jan 2017, 2.2): Tag wiki content collectively to find content by keywords
• TinyMCEPlugin (11 Feb 2019, 1.32): Integration of the Tiny MCE WYSIWYG Editor
• TopicTitlePlugin (21 Jan 2024, 3.0): Free-form title for topics
• TwistyPlugin (29 Jun 2023, 3.00): Twisty section Javascript library to open/close content dynamically
• UpdatesPlugin (12 Nov 2019, 2.00): Checks Foswiki.org for updates
• WysiwygPlugin (13 Jun 2018, 1.38): Translator framework for WYSIWYG editors

Check on current Plugin status and settings for this site in Plugins.

Common Editing Errors

Foswiki formatting rules are fairly simple to use and quick to type. However, there are some things to watch out for:

• Q: Text enclosed in angle brackets like <filename> is not displayed. How can I show it as it is?
  • A: The '<' and '>' characters have a special meaning in HTML, they define HTML tags. You need to escape them, so write '<' instead of '<', and '>' instead of '>'.
    Example: Type 'prog <filename>' to get 'prog <filename>'.

• Q: Why is the '&' character sometimes not displayed?
  • A: The '&' character has a special meaning in HTML, it starts a so called character entity, i.e. '©' is the © copyright character. You need to escape '&' to see it as it is, so write '&' instead of '&'.
    Example: Type 'This & that' to get 'This & that'.